I. Palliative medicine |
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I-A. Definition of palliative care (reference to the WHO’s definitions, origins, and history of PC, distinctions between palliative medicine and other medical disciplines, etc.) |
12 |
5 |
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I-B. List of clinical components of PC (i.e., pain and symptom management, psychosocial support, etc.) |
2 |
1 |
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I-C. Developing goals of care at the end of life |
4 |
2 |
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I-D. Indications and benefits of PC |
8 |
0 |
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I-E. Integrating palliative care as a continuum of care (e.g., making transition from acute care to palliative care) |
5 |
1 |
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I-F. Role of hospice and hospice philosophy (history of movement, political and economic aspects, etc.) |
9 |
2 |
II. Pain (e.g., as distinct from suffering and psychosocial distress) |
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II-A. Epidemiology of pain and significance (i.e., public health view on pain at the EOL for patients and populations) |
6 |
2 |
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II-B. Barriers to adequate pain management (professional, political, or economic, i.e., attitudes toward opioids, addiction, restrictive regulations, inadequate knowledge on the part of physicians, etc.) |
11 |
1 |
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II-C. Neurobiology of pain (i.e., pathophysiology of pain) |
11 |
1 |
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II-D. Pain characteristics (i.e., frequency, intensity, site, quality, triggers, acute/chronic, etc.) |
11 |
0 |
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II-E. Disease-specific pain syndromes (i.e., cancer- and AIDS-related pain syndromes, etc.) |
5 |
0 |
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II-G. Complementary therapy history (e.g., elucidate patient’s use of complementary therapies for pain, such as acupuncture) |
0 |
0 |
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II-H. Diagnostic assessment of pain (i.e., ability to formulate differential diagnosis re: etiology/sources of pain, etc.) |
11 |
1 |
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II-I. Non-opioid pharmacologic management of pain (i.e., use of non-opioids, etc.) |
13 |
2 |
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II-J. Use of opioids (i.e., WHO’s analgesic ladder, tolerance, dependence, addiction, therapies, drug conversions, route of administration, dosing, etc.) |
14 |
1 |
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II-K. Non-pharmacologic management of pain (i.e., surgery, physical therapy, etc.) |
12 |
1 |
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II-L. Efficacy of pain management (and ability to assess and revise treatment plan, i.e., ability to adjust opioids due to side effects) |
12 |
1 |
III. Neuropsychologic symptoms (i.e., agitation, depression, delirium, dementia, and other mental status changes, as well as psychological distress) |
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III-A. Epidemiology and significance (i.e., prevalence of depression at EOL) |
0 |
1 |
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III-B. Neurobiology of symptoms (i.e., agitation, depression, delirium, dementia, etc.) |
2 |
0 |
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III-C. Symptoms as complications of therapy (i.e., changes in mental status, i.e., sedation from opioids, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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III-D. Disease-specific neuropsychologic symptoms (i.e., influence of underlying disease on mental status, personality changes from frontal-lobe tumor or AIDS-related dementia, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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III-E. Neuropsychologic symptom history and physical exam (i.e., mental status and directed physical exam, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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III-F. Complementary therapy history (e.g., patients’ use of agents for depression, i.e., St. John’s Wort, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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III-G. Diagnostic assessment of neuropsychologic syndromes (ability to formulate a differential diagnosis using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV) |
0 |
0 |
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III-H. Counseling/psychotherapeutics |
1 |
0 |
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III-I. Pharmacologic management (i.e., treatment of depression with tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, use of psychostimulants with opioids, etc.) |
3 |
1 |
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III-J. Other management strategies (i.e., acupuncture, complementary therapies, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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III-K. Efficacy of neuropsychologic management (and ability to assess and revise treatment plan—i.e., adjust from one antidepressant class to another due to inefficacy) |
0 |
0 |
IV. Other symptoms (i.e., dyspnea, nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, pruritus, etc.) |
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IV-A. Epidemiology and its significance |
2 |
1 |
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IV-B. Pathophysiology of non-pain symptoms (i.e., pruritus in hepatobiliary disease, etc.) |
4 |
0 |
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IV-C. Disease-specific syndromes (i.e., AIDS-related diarrhea, wasting, and weight loss in cancer, dyspnea in advanced lung disease, etc.) |
2 |
0 |
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IV-D. Symptoms as complications of therapy (i.e., constipation from opioids, paresthesias from chemotherapy, etc.) |
2 |
0 |
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IV-E. Symptom history and physical exam (i.e., focused H&P to evaluate other symptoms) |
0 |
0 |
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IV-F. Complementary therapy history (e.g., elucidate patient’s use of complementary therapies for other symptoms) |
0 |
0 |
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IV-G. Diagnostic assessment of non-pain syndromes (ability to formulate differential diagnosis regarding etiology/sources of other symptoms) |
2 |
0 |
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IV-H. Pharmacologic management (i.e., laxatives for constipation, bronchodilators for respiratory compromise, etc.) |
5 |
0 |
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IV-I. Non-pharmacologic management (i.e., enemas for constipation, use of oxygen, physical therapy, etc.) |
0 |
1 |
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IV-J. Efficacy of pain management (and ability to assess and revise treatment plan, i.e., adjust therapies for desired effect) |
0 |
1 |
V. Ethics and the law |
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V-A. Professional obligation to dying patients and families (i.e., principle of non-abandonment, commitment to clinical competence, etc.) |
3 |
2 |
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V-B. Professional self-reflection regarding attitudes, beliefs, and experiences with death, dying, and bereavement. |
1 |
2 |
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V-C. Analyzing ethical issues at the EOL (i.e., instruction in moral problem solving at EOL) |
3 |
2 |
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V-D. Awareness of ethics committee and other institutional resources (e.g., awareness of committee role and function and guidance options for ethical dilemmas) |
2 |
0 |
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V-E. Clinical capacity determinations and the legal concept of competence |
0 |
1 |
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V-F. Truth-telling (e.g., ethical norms with respect to providing information regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and the therapeutic exceptions) |
1 |
1 |
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V-G. Legal and ethical basis of informed consent/informed refusal process |
2 |
0 |
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V-H. Legal and ethical basis of do not resuscitate/resuscitation issues |
6 |
0 |
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V-I. Surrogate decision making and advance directives (i.e., decisions made by others on patient’s behalf, role of living wills, health care proxies as advance directives, etc.) |
1 |
1 |
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V-J. Withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatments, including artificial nutrition and hydration (i.e., ethical and legal basis, legal precedent, etc.) |
4 |
6 |
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V-K. Definition of physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia within moral continuum of EOL decisions (e.g., distinction between withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatments versus physician-assisted suicide and voluntary assisted euthanasia) |
8 |
4 |
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V-L. Principle of double effect (e.g., ethical justification for opioid use when goal is relief of suffering, not hastening death) |
0 |
0 |
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V-M. Futility (e.g., prevailing definitions regarding medical futility and strategies regarding resolution of futility disputes) |
0 |
0 |
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V-N. Definition of brain death (e.g., physiologic basis, reasonable accommodations for religious objections under New York State law) |
2 |
2 |
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V-O. Organ transplantation (i.e., laws and applications) |
1 |
2 |
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V-P. Pronouncing death |
3 |
0 |
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V-Q. Autopsy requests |
0 |
0 |
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V-R. Procedures on newly deceased individuals (i.e., intubation, pericardiocentesis, and issues of surrogate consent, etc.) |
0 |
2 |
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V-S. Death certification |
1 |
1 |
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V-T. Public policy dimensions of end-of-life care (i.e., changes in law regarding physician-assisted suicide, Medicare hospice benefits, etc.) |
7 |
2 |
VI. Patient/family/nonclinical caregiver perspectives on end-of-life care |
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VI-A. Values history: spiritual–religious–cultural–other |
3 |
2 |
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VI-B. Psychosocial support needs at the EOL |
5 |
6 |
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VI-C. Loss of bodily functions |
0 |
0 |
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VI-D. Suffering (e.g., distinction between pain and suffering) |
1 |
3 |
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VI-E. Perceived powerlessness/loss of control/sense of dignity |
0 |
0 |
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VI-F. Burden of illness on patient/family/intimates |
0 |
0 |
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VI-G. Fear of abandonment |
0 |
0 |
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VI-H. Suicidality |
0 |
2 |
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VI-I. Caregiver and family dynamics and their influence on care |
2 |
0 |
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VI-J. Social-work interventions |
1 |
1 |
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VI-K. Community resources and social support (e.g., societal context of illness) |
1 |
2 |
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VI-L. Bereavement process and therapeutic interventions for survivors |
2 |
3 |
VII. Clinical communication skills |
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VII-A. Understanding the experience of dying |
8 |
9 |
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VII-B. Respect for and knowledge of differing values, cultures, and beliefs |
1 |
0 |
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VII-C. Instruction in empathic interviewing skills |
8 |
1 |
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VII-D. Eliciting relevant narrative and clinical information in the clinician–patient encounter |
8 |
0 |
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VII-E. Ability to empathize with patients and their intimates |
4 |
1 |
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VII-F. Ability to work and communicate with an interdisciplinary care team |
1 |
1 |
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VII-G. The following specific communication skills with patient and families/intimates: 1. Breaking bad news |
20 |
3 |
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VII-G-2. Informed consent/refusal |
0 |
0 |
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VII-G-3. Withdrawing/withholding life-sustaining treatments (i.e., having a do-not-resuscitate conversation with the patient, etc.) |
4 |
1 |
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VII-G-4. Advance directives (i.e., designation of health care agent by competent patient, etc.) |
7 |
1 |
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VII-H. The following specific communication skills with surrogates: 1. Breaking bad news |
0 |
1 |
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VII-H-2. Informed consent/refusal |
0 |
0 |
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VII-H-3. Withdrawing/withholding life-sustaining treatments (i.e., do-not-resuscitate conversation with surrogate, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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VII-H-4. Advance directives (i.e., working with health care proxy or interpreting living will once patient has lost capacity, etc.) |
0 |
0 |
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VII-I. Communicating and negotiating goals of care to patients and intimates |
2 |
2 |
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VII-J. Conflict resolution/negotiation skills (i.e., address and resolve conflicts regarding EOL care, etc.) |
0 |
1 |
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VII-K. Communicating with patients and intimates as death approaches (e.g., for the imminently dying) |
1 |
0 |
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VII-L. Notification of patient’s death |
1 |
0 |